Which individual is recognized as the first to construct a functioning laser?

The recognition of Theodore Maiman as the first individual to construct a functioning laser is based on his successful demonstration of the ruby laser in 1960. Maiman's work marked a significant milestone in the field of photonics and laser technology, as it was the first time a practical and operational laser had been built. He utilized a synthetic ruby crystal to produce a coherent light beam, which is a key characteristic of lasers.

Understanding this achievement provides insight into the developments in laser technology that followed. Maiman's efforts laid the foundation for subsequent advancements in various applications, ranging from telecommunications to medical devices.

The other individuals mentioned had roles in the theoretical groundwork or related fields but did not construct the first operational laser. For example, Albert Einstein's work is crucial in the context of the theories that underpin laser operation, such as stimulated emission, but he did not build a laser himself. Gordon Gould contributed to the conceptualization and terminology of lasers, yet it was Maiman who delivered the first working model. William Shockley, inventor of the transistor, was influential in electronics but did not directly impact laser construction.